DOW-UAP-D135, AAWSAP DIRD, Antigravity for Aerospace Applications, March 2010

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Antigravity for Aerospace Applications Prepared by: Acquisition Support Division (DW0-3) Defense Warning Office Directorate for Analysis Defense Intelligence Agency AAP Person 58 Administrative Note COPYRIGHT WARNING: Further dissemination of the photographs in this publication is not authorized. This product is one in a series of advanced technology reports produced in FY 2009 under the Defense Intelligence Agency, Defense Warning Office's Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications (AAWSA) Program. Comments or questions pertaining to this document should be addressed tolAAP Person 1 AAWSA Program Manager, Defense Intelligence Agency, ATTN: CLAR/DWO-3, Bldg 6000, Washington,

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II. Concepts for Antigravity Within Newtonian Physics .......................................... 2 Negating Newtonian Gravity .............................................................................. 2 Energy Estimate for Newtonian Levitation ......................................................... 3 III. Concepts for Antigravity Within General Relativity .......................................... 4 Antigravity via Gravitomagnetic Forces.............................................................. 4 Forward's Dipole Gravitational Field Generator.............................................. 4 Felber's Relativistic Antigravity Effect................................................................ 7 Negative Energy-Induced Antigravity ................................................................ 9 Examples of Exotic or "Negative" Energy Found in Nature ........................... 10 Toy Model Estimate for Negative Energy-Induced Antigravity...................... 10 Cosmological Antigravity.................................................................................. 13 Pressure as a Source of Gravity.................................................................... 13 Vacuum Energy of Einstein's Cosmological Constant.................................... 13 Antigravity Propulsion Application of Dark/Vacuum Energy ........................ 17 IV. Quantum Antigravity Propulsion Concepts ..................................................... 17 Antigravity via Quantum Vacuum Zero-Point Fluctuation Force ....................... 19 Antigravity via Nonretarded Quantum Interatomic Dispersion Force ............... 21 Static Radial Electric & Magnetic Fields ............................................................ 29 Squeezed Quantum Vacuum ............................................................................. 29 Gravitationally Squeezed Electromagnetic Zero-Point Fluctuations.................. 30

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Quantum Vacuum Field Stress: Negative Energy from the Casimir Effect ......... 31 Dynamical Casimir Effect: Moving Mirrors ........................................................ 32 Figure 1. Dipole Electric Field Generator ................................................................ 5 Figure 2. Diople Gravitational Field Generator........................................................ 6 Figure 3. Dipole Gravitational Field Generator: Inside-Out Whirling Dense Matter Torus............................................................................................ 7 Figure 4. Illustration of the Casimir Effect........................................................... 31 Figure 5. Negative Energy Flux {Gold) Emanating From a Moving Mirror ............. 33

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Antigravity for Aerospace Applications Antigravity effects can be implemented by manipulating spacetime. This paper reviews several different theoretical approaches for exploring the possibility of controlling gravity by generating forces that counteract, or otherwise modify, gravity for the purpose of aerospace propulsion. Einstein's General Theory of Relativity is the theoretical framework guiding this study. The paper also reviews other antigravity approaches via the interaction of quantum theory with gravitation. And it explores the question of which method or technique is best suited for aerospace applications and evaluates the make-or-break issues that limit them.

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Gravity is the bane of aerospace transportation. The force of the Earth's gravitational field acts to pull all objects, whether in motion or at rest, downward towards the Earth's surface. Because aerospace transportation involves the motion of vehicles through the atmosphere and/or into space, propulsion engineers are always faced with the requirement that aerospace vehicles will have to carry enough propellant and associated tankage in order to provide enough propulsive thrust to overcome the downward pull of gravity and achieve rectilinear motion. Energy has to be expended by a propulsion system to overcome the force of gravity in addition to providing for rectilinear motion, and the majority of propulsive energy is dedicated to overcome gravity. The aerospace propulsion engineer is faced with two choices for the control of gravity in this regard: passive control and active control. Modern aerospace propulsion technology, which is based on accumulated scientific knowledge since recorded history, can only achieve the passive control of gravity whereby a given propulsion device must develop a thrust that will passively counteract the Earth's gravitational pull, lift a vehicle off the surface, and propel it through the air or into space. Newton's laws of motion and gravity require that the fuel fraction of any aerospace vehicle can never be less than that given by a simple function of the ratio of the vehicle's maximum speed to the speed of its rocket plume, jet, fan, or propeller wake. For example, this limit implies that a single-stage rocket that accelerates to escape velocity must be composed of more than 93 percent fuel. That is because a rocket must accelerate its working fluid from rest (relative to the rocket) up to its exhaust speed. Thus, exhaust speeds for aircraft and chemical rockets are limited by material science, chemical reaction rates, and engineering factors to only a few thousand meters per second. To date, there is no technology that can achieve the active control of gravity. If one could eliminate or otherwise control the Earth's gravity field, then one has the ability to dramatically reduce the amount of propellant, its tankage, and the overall structural size and mass of an aircraft or rocket because there will no longer be any need for these to overcome the pull of Earth's gravity while transporting a payload across the globe or into space. Instead, aerospace vehicles will only need to have the propellant mass and infrastructure necessary to change their kinetic energy from rest to a final velocity necessary to achieve atmospheric flight or space orbit. The Earth's gravitational well will no longer have any impact on aircraft, launch vehicle, or spaceflight dynamics if one were to achieve active gravity control. Aerospace vehicles would merely "levitate" in air and their propulsion systems would be optimized for change-in-velocity missions. However, it is possible to envision a form of active gravity control propulsion that would not require a change in kinetic energy. One of the primary concepts for the goal of affecting gravity is "antigravity," which is a colloquial expression that specifically means the negation or repulsion of the force of gravity. A more general term that encompasses this notion and other possibilities is "gravity control." If antigravity exists, it can be exploited to counteract or nullify the gravitational pull, or attraction, of a planetary (or stellar) body that acts upon a much smaller body. Einstein's General Theory of Relativity gives a prescription for a variety of different antigravity generators. Even Newton's law of gravity offers several different classical prescriptions. Newton's law of gravity can be used to simply nullify the gravity field of one body acting on another body by using a clever arrangement of masses. The