DOW-UAP-D138, AAWSAP DIRD, Warp Drive, Dark Energy, and the Manipulation of Extra Dimensions, April 2010

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Warp Drive, Dark Energy, and the Manipulation of Extra Prepared by: Acquisition Support Division (DW0-3) Defense Warning Office Directorate for Analysis Defense Intelligence Agency AAP Person 74, AAP Person 58 Administrative Note COPYRIGHT WARN ING: Further dissemination of the photographs in this publication is not authorized. This product is one in a series of advanced technology reports produced in FY 2009 under the Defense Intelligence Agency, Defense Warning Office's Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications (AAWSA) Program. Comments or questions pertaining to this document should be addressed to !AAP Person 1 AAWSA Program Manager, Defense Intelligence Agency, ATTN: CLAR/DWO-3, Bldg 6000, Washington,

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4. Casimir Energy and the Quantum Vacuum.......................................................... 5 5.2 Large Extra Dimensions.............................................................................. 10 5.3 Randall Sundrum Brane Models.................................................................. 11 6. Dark Energy as a Higher Dimensional Artifact .................................................. 12 7. Warp Drive and Higher Dimensional Manipulation ........................................... 15 7.1 Adjusting Higher Dimensions for Propulsions ............................................ 16 7.2 The Geometry of Extra Dimensions ............................................................ 17 7.6 The Development of the Technology .......................................................... 23 Figure 1. York Extrinsic Time (9-) Plot..................................................................... 1 Figure 2. The Interior Region of Parallel Conducting Plates ................................... 7 Figure 3. Internal Structure of a Seemingly One-Dimensional Object .................... 9

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Figure 5. Artist's Conception of a Futuristic Warp Drive Spacecraft ..................... 16 Figure 7. A Combination of Phenomenologically Viable Fields .............................. 19 Figure 9. Thick and Thin Shell Warp Bubble ......................................................... 21 Table 1. Transit Times to Various Exotic Destinations at 100 Times the Speed of Table 2. Negative Energy Required for Warp Bubble (Larger Negative Energy) ..... 3 Table 3. Negative Energy Required for Warp Bubble ............................................ 22

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Warp Drive, Dark Energy, and the Manipulation of Extra If one is to realistically entertain the notion of interstellar exploration in timeframes of a human lifespan, a dramatic shift in the traditional approach to spacecraft propulsion is necessary. It has been known and well tested since the time of Einstein that all matter is restricted to motion at sublight velocities (<< 3 x 108 m/s, the speed of light, or c), and that as matter approaches the speed of light, its mass asymptotically approaches infinity. This mass increase ensures that an infinite amount of energy would be necessary to travel at the speed of light, and, thus, this speed is impossible to reach and represents an absolute speed limit to all matter traveling through spacetime. Even if an engine were designed that could propel a spacecraft to an appreciable fraction of light speed, travel to even the closest stars would take many decades in the frame of reference of an observer on Earth. Although these lengthy transit times would not make interstellar exploration impossible, they would certainly dampen the enthusiasm of governments or private individuals funding these missions. After all, a mission whose success is perhaps a century away would be difficult to justify. In recent years, however, physicists have discovered two loopholes to Einstein's ultimate speed limit: the Einstein-Rosen bridge (commonly referred to as a "wormhole") and the warp drive. Fundamentally, both ideas involve manipulation of spacetime itself in some exotic way that allows for faster-than-light (FTL) travel. Essentially, the wormhole involves connecting two potentially distant regions of space by a topological shortcut. Theoretically, one would enter the wormhole and instantaneously be transported to the exit located in a distant region of space. Although no observational evidence of wormholes exists, theoretically they can exist as a valid solution to general relativity. The warp drive-the main focus this paper-involves local manipulation of the fabric of space in the immediate vicinity of a spacecraft. The basic idea is to create an asymmetric bubble of space that is contracting in front of the spacecraft while expanding behind it. Using this form of locomotion, the spacecraft remains stationary inside this "warp bubble," and the movement of space itself facilitates the relative motion of the spacecraft. The most attractive feature of the warp drive is that the theory of relativity places no known restrictions on the motion of space itself, thus allowing for a convenient circumvention of the speed of light barrier. An advanced aerospace platform incorporating warp drive technology would profoundly alter the capacity to explore-and potentially to colonize-the universe. Because a warp drive is not limited by the speed of light, one can only guess the top speeds such a technology might be capable of achieving. For the sake of argument, let's consider the duration of trips taken by a

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spacecraft capable of 100c1 for an array of exotic destinations of possible interest. As Table 1 shows, trips to the planets within our own solar system would take hours rather than years, and journeys to local star system would be measured in weeks rather than hundreds of thousands of years. Table 1. Transit Times to Various Exotic Destinations at 100 Times the Speed of Light Destination Transit Time Mars 193 seconds Jupiter 36 minutes Neptune 4 hours Alpha Centauri 15 days Epsilon Eridani 38 days The Orion Nebula 1.3 years Until recently, the warp drive was a concept reserved for science fiction. However, a 1994 paper by Miguel Alcubierre placed the idea on a more solid theoretical footing. Alcubierre (Reference 1) demonstrated that a specific Lorentzian manifold could be chosen that exhibited bubble-like features reminiscent of the warp drive from the popular Star Trek television series. The bubble allowed for the surrounding spacetime to move at FTL speeds, and the inhabitants of the bubble would feel no acceleration effects because spacetime itself would be in motion instead of the spacecraft and its inhabitants. A number of papers have emerged in recent years that build on this original idea. However, these papers do not typically address how one might actually create the necessary spacetime bubble. Our own research directly addresses this question from a new and unique perspective and introduces a novel paradigm shift in the field of warp drive study (Reference 2). More formally, our work approaches the physics of warp drive from the perspective of quantum field theory; this diverges from the more traditional approach to