DOW-UAP-D139, AAWSAP DIRD, Traversable Wormholes, Stargates, and Negative Energy, April 2010

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Traversable Wormholes, Stargates, and Negative Energy Prepared by: Acquisition support Division (DW0-3) Defense Warning Office Directorate for Analysis Defense Intelligence Agency Administrative Note COPYRIGHT WARNING: Further dissemination of the photographs in this publication is not authorized. This product is one in a series of advanced technology reports produced in FY 2009 under the Defense Intelligence Agency, Defense Warning Office's Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications (AAWSA) Program. Comments or questions pertaining to this document should be addressed tolAAP Person 1 AAWSA Program Manager, Defense Intelligence Agency, ATTN: CLAR/DWO-3, Bldg 6000, Washington,

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II. A Brief Review of Transversable Wormholes and the Stargate Solution ............ 1 What a Wormhole Looks Like in the Real World ............................................. 7 III. The General Relativistic Definition of Exotic Matter and the Energy Conditions 9 A. Examples of Exotic or "Negative" Energy Found in Nature ........................... 10 B. Generating Negative Energy in the Lab ........................................................ 11 4. Vacuum Field Stress: Negative Energy from the Casimir Effect ................ 18 5. Dynamical Casimir Effect: Moving Mirrors ................................................ 20 6. Casimir Effect: Negative Energy for Traversable Wormholes .................... 20 IV. Constructing a Traversable Wormhole is not Easy .......................................... 21 A. Negative Energy Requirements and Energy Condition Violations ................. 21 B. Physical Constraints on Negative Energy ..................................................... 22 Observing Negative Energy in the Lab.......................................................... 25 VI. References...................................................................................................... 29 Figure 1. Intra-Universe Wormhole as a Hyperspace Shortcut Through Conventional Space .................................................................................vi Figure 2. Inter-Universe Wormhole (top} and Intra-Universe Wormhole (bottom}.3 Figure 3. Diagram of a Simultaneous View of Two Remote Compact Regions, n1 and n2, of Minkowski Space Used to Create the Wormhole Throat on ...... 5 Figure 4. The Same Diagram as in Figure 3 Except as Viewed by an Observer Sitting in Region n1 Who Looks Through the Wormhole Throat and Sees Remote Region on the Other Side....................................................... 5 Figure 5. A Thin Shell of (Localized} Mass-Energy Possessing Two Principal Radii

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Figure 6. A Spherically Symmetric Traversable Wormhole Observed in Space........ 7 Figure 9. Conceptual Squeezed Light Negative Energy Generator ........................ 14 Figure 10. Sodium Chamber Negative Energy Separator ...................................... 15 Figure 11. Alternative Conceptual Squeezed Light Negative Energy Generator .... 15 Figure 12. Schematic of the Casimir Effect ........................................................... 18 Table 1. Substantial Gravitational Squeezing Occurs for Vacuum ZPF ................. 18 Table 2. Negative Equivalent Mass Required for Traversable Wormhole .............. 22

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Traversable Wormholes, Stargates, and Negative Energy Implementation of faster-than-light (FTL) interstellar travel via traversable wormholes generally requires the engineering of spacetime into very specialized local geometries. The analysis of these via Einstein's General Theory of Relativity, plus the resultant equations of state, demonstrates that such geometries require the use of "exotic" matter. It has been claimed that since such matter violates the energy conditions, FTL spacetimes are not plausible. However, it has been shown that this is a spurious issue. The identification, magnitude, and production of exotic matter are seen to be a key technical challenge, however. These issues are reviewed and summarized, and an assessment on the present state of their resolution is provided. In 1985 CalTech physicists M. Morris and K. Thorne discovered the principle of traversable wormholes based on Einstein's General Theory of Relativity (published in 1915). Morris and Thorne (Reference 1) and Morris et al. (Reference 2) did this as an academic exercise at the request of Carl Sagan, who had completed the draft of his novel Contact. This little exercise led to the development of two new cottage industries in spacetime physics research: the study of traversable wormholes and the study of time machines. Wormholes are hyperspace tunnels through spacetime connecting either remote regions within our universe or two different universes; they even connect different dimensions and different times. Space travelers would enter one side of the tunnel and exit the other, passing through the throat along the way. The wormhole and therefore not violate Special Relativity, but external observers would view the travelers as traversing multi-light-year distances through space at FTL speed; Figure 1 illustrates this effect. A "stargate" is a special class of traversable wormhole solutions to Einstein's general relativistic field equation that possesses very simple physics and flat entry and exit openings. Traversable wormholes are unlike the well-known, non-traversable Einstein­ Rosen Bridges or Schwarzschild wormholes that are formed from collapsed stellar matter (that is, black holes) or spherically symmetric vacuum regions. Black holes are collapsed stars that have all their mass concentrated at an infinitesimal point where the induced gravitational field crushes all matter and spacetime. However, even Einstein-Rosen bridges can be made traversable by an infinitesimal tweaking of their spacetime metric. In the case of black holes, the singularity of collapsed matter, along with its crushing gravity field, totally blocks the way through the tunnel. A traversable wormhole does not have a singularity blocking the tunnel or any crushing gravity field. Explorers would enter one side of the tunnel, travel through the throat, and exit the other side. Traversable wormholes also do not possess an event horizon, a region of high gravitational field strength separating the inside space surrounding the black hole's singularity from the outside universe. Once you go through a black hole's event horizon, you can never come back out because you will have to attain FTL speed to escape it. Not even light can escape from an event horizon.

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Figure 1. Intra-Universe Wormhole as a Hyperspace Shortcut Through Conventional Space Traversable wormholes are creatures of classical general relativity theory allowing for very comfortable travel through the Cosmic Neighborhood. But from the viewpoint of modern physics, the Cosmic Neighborhood can encompass other universes, other space dimensions, and other times beyond the four-dimensional spacetime realm. Mankind has certainly not discovered all of the universe's facets and will need to continue to construct new experiments and technology in order to verify (or not) these undiscovered facets. Wormholes can possess normal or backward (in special cases) motion through time and normal or nonexistent gravitational stresses on space travelers, and their entry/exit openings (or throats) are spherically shaped, flat, cubic shaped, polyhedral shaped, generic shaped, and so forth.