DOW-UAP-D152, AAWSAP DIRD, Negative Mass Propulsion, January 2011

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Negative Mass Propulsion The Defense Intelligence Reference Document provides non-substantive but authoritative reference information related to intelligence topics or methodologies. Prepared by: Technology Warning Division (DW0-4) Defense Warning Office Directorate for Analysis Defense Intelligence Agency AAP Person 72 Administrative Notes: (U) COPYRIGHT WARNING: Further dissemination of the photographs in this publication is not This product is one in a series of advanced technology reports produced in FY 2010 under the Defense Intelligence Agency, Defense Warning Office's Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications w~~~ pr~0@~-Comments or questions pertaining to this document should be addressed to1r--_-__-___ Person

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3. Hund's Nonlinear Newtonian Theory of Gravity .................................................. 6 4. The Theory of Bondi Revisited ........................................................................10 5. The Zitterbewegung Phenomenon as a Manifestation of Negative Masses ............. 10 6. Planck Aether Hypothesis ..............................................................................14 7. Dynamic Interpretation of Lorentz Invariance ...................................................18 8. Negative Mass Interpretation of the Aharonov-Bohm Effect ................................23 9. Negative Masses in Cosmology .......................................................................29 10. The Cusp/Core Problem in Galatic Halos ........................................................31 11. Searching for Negative Matter in the Gravitational Potential Well of the Moon ......32 12. Making a Tunnel through the Moon ...............................................................33 Figure 2. Translation of Mass Dipole........................................................................................... 11 Figure 3. Circular Motion of a Pole-Dipole Particle................................................................... 12

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Negative Mass Propulsion It is easy to prove that there are negative masses all around us, albeit hidden behind positive masses. But their use for propulsion by reducing the inertia of matter, for example in the limit of macroscopic bodies with zero rest mass, depends on a technical solution to free them from their imprisonment by positive masses. It appears that there are basically two ways this might be achieved: 1. By the application of strong electromagnetic or gravitational fields or by high particle energies; 2. By searching for places in the universe where nature has already done this separation, and from which the negative masses can be mined. The first of these two possibilities is for all practical means excluded, because if possible at all, it would depend on electromagnetic or gravitational fields with strengths beyond what is technically attainable, or on extremely large particle energies likewise not attainable. With regard to the 2nd possibility, it has been observed that non­ baryonic cold dark matter tends to accumulate near the center of galaxies, or places in the universe which have a large gravitational potential well. Because of the equivalence principle of general relativity, the attraction towards the center of a gravitational potential well, produced by a positive mass, is for negative masses the same as for positive masses. Large amounts of negative masses might have over billions of years been trapped in these gravitational potential wells. Now it just happens that the center of the moon is a potential well, not too deep that it cannot be reached by making a tunnel through the moon, not possible for the deeper potential well of the earth, where the temperature and pressure are too high. Making a tunnel through the moon, provided there is a good supply of negative mass, could revolutionize interstellar space flight. A sequence of thermonuclear shape charges would be required to make such a tunnel technically feasible.

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If we extend the law of gravity to negative masses, but hold onto the equivalence of inertial and gravitational masses, we have to distinguish between the following four cases, if a test particle is placed near a gravitational field producing mass (Table 1): Table 1. Interactions Gravitational field Mass of test Motion of test producing mass particle particle Under the principle of equivalence if a negative test mass particle would be placed in the gravitational field of earth, it wou ld not fall upwards, as happens in science-fiction antigravity machines. A test particle, regardless of whether it has positive or negative mass, would there always fall down. It would fall upwards only if placed in the field of a large negative mass. A somewhat different situation arises if both masses, the field producing mass and the mass of the test particle, have the same absolute value but are permitted to have different signs. There we have to distinguish between the cases shown in Figure 1. Figure 1. Forces

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If both masses are positive, we have the usual Newtonian attraction. For negative masses, the force has the same magnitude but is repulsive. A quite different situation exists if one mass is positive and the other one is negative. With both forming a mass dipole, the system becomes self-accelerating, because one mass is repelled and the other one attracted. With the two masses having opposite sign, the total energy and momentum of the combined system remains zero for all times, leaving intact the conservation laws of energy and momentum. Under its self-acceleration, the mass dipole would eventually reach the velocity of light. It is this property of self-acceleration without expenditure of energy that has intrigued many researchers and raised the prospect of a propulsion system without limits. We remark that even without an appreciable gravitational interaction, a mass dipole with zero, or close to zero inertial mass, could be accelerated to very high velocities with negligible jet power and energy. No matter how strange the properties associated with negative masses appear to be, there can be little doubt that they can be incorporated into Einstein's gravitational field theory as long as they do not violate the principle of equivalence. In particular, the well known Schwarzschild solution for a positive mass M can be extended to a negative mass, simply by replacing M with -M: where y is Newton's constant. One therefore has to raise the question if nature has not made use of negative masses somewhere. Over and over again we have found that what is possible, within the framework of the fundamental laws of physics, exists. Only one important physical set of laws, Einstein's special theory of relativity appears to forbid the existence of negative masses. This is because in a relativistic quantum field theory the particle number is not a conserved quantity, and the existence of negative masses would make all matter